Who identified levels of heterophobia in society?

The identification of levels of heterophobia in society is attributed to Pierre-André Taguieff. He is a French philosopher and political scientist who has extensively studied various forms of prejudice, including racism and xenophobia. Taguieff’s work delves into societal attitudes toward difference and the complexities of identity, helping to illuminate how these attitudes can manifest as fear or aversion towards those who are different, particularly in terms of sexual orientation.

Taguieff provides a critical framework for understanding heterophobia, viewing it as a societal issue related to broader themes of intolerance and discrimination. His analyses contribute to discussions about how social structures and cultural narratives shape perceptions of "the other," which is vital for comprehending contemporary social dynamics.

The other individuals listed, while influential in their respective fields, do not directly address the concept of heterophobia in the same manner. Karl Marx focused on class struggle and economic systems; Zygmunt Bauman explored issues of modernity and postmodernity, particularly around consumerism and social relationships; and Max Weber analyzed social action and authority but did not specifically examine heterophobia. Taguieff's focused investigations into societal attitudes provide the specific insight necessary to understand the levels of heterophobia.