According to Ulrich Beck's theory of the "Risk Society," what does modernization create?

According to Ulrich Beck's theory of the "Risk Society," modernization generates unpredictable hazards. Beck argues that as societies evolve through modernization, they increasingly face risks that are not only difficult to foresee but also beyond the control of individuals and institutions. This transformation leads to the emergence of new types of risks—such as environmental degradation, technological disasters, and global health crises—that can have far-reaching consequences.

In the context of modernization, the complexities of contemporary life often create situations where potential dangers are largely unknown and can emerge from previous advancements intended to improve society. For example, while new technologies and industrial processes may improve efficiency and create economic benefits, they simultaneously introduce novel risks that society must navigate.

The focus on unpredictable hazards in Beck's theory emphasizes the need for awareness and proactive risk management rather than simply relying on the stability or predictability of risks. This perspective encourages individuals and communities to adapt to and prepare for uncertainties, ultimately reshaping how societies mobilize resources and respond to these challenges.