According to Perennialism, nations are primarily created by whom?

Perennialism posits that nations are primarily constructed through the people who inhabit them, emphasizing the shared experiences, culture, traditions, and collective identity that arise within a community over time. This view highlights the idea that a nation is not merely a political or geographical entity but is fundamentally rooted in the lived experiences of its people and their social connections.

The concept underscores that the essence of a nation is derived from its citizens and the bonds they share, which contribute to a common national identity. This perspective contrasts with theories that center on government roles, geographic features, or external forces as the main drivers of nationhood. The Perennialist approach invites a deeper understanding of how a nation's culture, history, and values are primarily shaped and sustained by the population itself, making it a product of human interaction and social cohesion.